• 专利附录
  • 专利说明
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    • 专利摘要:
    This method, which aims at determining a magnitude representative of the thermal resistance of a partition wall between a first medium and a second medium, comprises steps in which: on at least two successive periods of time Dk corresponding to powers Pk distinct from the heating of the first medium, a measurement is carried out of the heat flux through the wall qk and of the temperature in the first medium T1k at close intervals of time, as well as the determination of the temperature in the second medium. T2k at close time intervals; the value of the magnitude representative of the thermal resistance of the wall is determined by converging: on the one hand, a thermal model expressing the temporal variation of the temperature in a medium separated from another medium by a wall, according to heat flow through the wall, temperature in the other medium and physical parameters of the wall from which the magnitude representative of the thermal resistance of the wall is calculable; and, on the other hand, the measured change T1k (t) of the temperature in the first medium as a function of time.
    公开号:FR3032529A1
    申请号:FR1550970
    申请日:2015-02-06
    公开日:2016-08-12
    发明作者:Florent Alzetto；Johann Meulemans；Guillaume Pandraud
    申请人:Saint Gobain Isover SA France；
    IPC主号:
    专利说明:

    [0001] The present invention relates to a method and a device for determining a magnitude representative of the thermal resistance of a partition wall between a first medium and a second medium. The invention can be applied to determine a magnitude representative of the thermal resistance of any type of separation wall between two environments, in particular a wall of a building, a wall of a vehicle, a wall of an oven, a wall of a tank.
    [0002] In particular, the invention can be applied to determine a magnitude representative of the thermal resistance of a building element belonging to the envelope of a room, such as a wall, a floor, a roof, a window, door, etc., the building element then being a partition wall between the inside and the outside of the room.
    [0003] Here we mean by "local" any space of habitat or storage. In particular, it may be a residential or fixed storage space, such as a house or a building, particularly for residential or tertiary use, or a part of such a building, for example an apartment in a building with several floors, or such as a machine, especially in the field of household appliances, an oven, a refrigerator, etc. It can also be a housing or transportable storage space, such as a train wagon, a car cabin, a truck cabin or a storage space in a truck, a cabin of a ship or a storage space in a ship.
    [0004] In the context of the invention, the term "magnitude representative of the thermal resistance of a wall" means any size characterizing the ability of the wall to pass a heat flow. In the context of the method and the device according to the invention, it is possible in particular to determine, as magnitudes representative of the thermal resistance of the wall: the heat transfer coefficient of the wall, denoted U; the total thermal resistance of the wall, denoted RT; The wall surface thermal resistance of the wall, denoted R. The heat transfer coefficient U of a wall is defined as the quotient of the heat flux per unit area, in steady state, by the temperature difference between the environments located on either side of the wall. The coefficient U is given by the relation: q U- (T1-T2) 'where q is the density of thermal flux through the wall, Tl is the temperature in the medium located on a first side of the wall, T2 is the temperature in the middle located on the second side of the wall.
    [0005] The total thermal resistance RT of the wall is such that RT = -u = Rs1 + R + Rs2, where R-Tsl-Ts2 is the surface thermal resistance q at the surface of the wall, with Ts, the surface temperature of the first side of the wall and Ts2 the surface temperature of the second side of the wall, Rs1 is the surface thermal resistance of the first side of the wall, Rs2 is the surface thermal resistance of the second side of the wall. The determination of the thermal transmission coefficient U of the building elements constituting the envelope of a room is useful, in particular, to make a diagnosis of the thermal insulation of the room, whether it is a new room or former. In particular, when considering a rehabilitation of the premises, it makes it possible to target the measures that should be taken to improve the thermal performance. It is known to determine the heat transfer coefficient U of a building element belonging to the envelope of a room according to a quasi-static method defined by the ISO 9869: 1994 standard, known as the "fluxmeter method 25". This method involves measurements in situ, on the one hand, of the heat flow through the building element using at least one flowmeter mounted on one side of the element adjacent to the most stable temperature. and, on the other hand, the temperature inside the room and the temperature outside the room in the vicinity of the flowmeter. The heat flux and temperature measurements are carried out for a period of time ranging from at least three days to several weeks, the measurement time being dependent, in particular, on the nature of the construction element, fluctuations in the internal temperature, and the method used for the analysis of the data. A major disadvantage of this method is its duration of implementation. In addition, this method is only valid for opaque walls. It is these drawbacks that the invention more particularly intends to remedy by proposing a method and a device making it possible to rapidly determine a magnitude representative of the thermal resistance of a partition wall between a first medium and a second medium. , especially over a period of a single night or even a few hours, whatever the type of wall, with a moderate cost and a reasonable accuracy, the wall being able for example to be a building element belonging to the envelope of 'a local. To this end, the invention relates to a method for determining a magnitude representative of the thermal resistance of a partition wall between a first medium and a second medium, characterized in that it comprises steps in which on at least two periods of time DI, successive corresponding to powers P1, distinct from the heating of the first medium, a measurement is carried out of the heat flux through the wall qk and the temperature in the first medium Tu, at close time intervals, as well as at determining the temperature in the second medium T2k at close time intervals; the value of the magnitude representative of the thermal resistance of the wall is determined by converging: on the one hand, a thermal model expressing the temporal variation of the temperature in a medium separated from another medium by a wall, in function of the heat flux through the wall, the temperature in the other medium and the physical parameters of the wall from which the magnitude representative of the thermal resistance of the wall is calculable; and, on the other hand, the measured evolution Tu, (t) of the temperature in the first medium as a function of time. Within the meaning of the invention, the fact of converging the thermal model 5 and the measured evolution Tu, (t) means that the value of physical parameters of the wall used in the thermal model is adjusted so as to minimize the the difference, at least over a time interval included in each time period D1 ,, between the temporal evolution of the temperature in the first medium calculated from the thermal model and the time evolution of the temperature in the first medium Measured effectively Tu, (t) The adjustment can thus be made over the full extent of each period of time D1 ,, or on one or more time intervals included in each period of time DI ,. For example, in the case where the thermal model is a simple RC model with resistance and capacitance and where, for each time period D1, there is a time interval Δil, for which the measured evolution If, (t) of the temperature in the first medium as a function of time is substantially linear, the simple RC model and the measured evolution Tu, (t) are converged on the time intervals Garl, as follows: for each period of time DI, the slope ak of the tangent to the curve Tu, (t) is determined over the time interval Δt, and the value of the magnitude representative of the thermal resistance of the wall is determined from steepness values αk and mean heat flow values through the wall q, ',, taken over the time period DI, or, preferably, taken over the time interval Δt ,. According to another example, in the case where the thermal model is a more complex RC model, such as a model called "2R2C" with two resistors and two capacities, or a model called "3R2C" with three resistors and two capacities, The complex RC model and the measured evolution Tu, (t) are converged by adjusting the value of the physical parameters of the wall used in the model so as to minimize the difference, over all the periods of time. D1 ,, between the temporal evolution of the temperature in the first medium calculated from the more complex RC model and the temporal evolution of the temperature in the first effectively measured medium Tu, (t). In practice, input data is injected into the thermal model, such as the wall dimensions, the heat flux through the wall qk measured over each time period D1, the temperature in the second medium T2k determined on each time period DI ,. Examples of physical parameters of the wall likely to be involved in the thermal model and to be adjusted so as to converge the thermal model and the measured evolution Tu, (t) include, in particular, the thermal conductivity of the wall, the heat capacity of the wall, the thickness of the wall, the convecto-radiative exchange coefficient h, between the wall and the first medium. The invention allows an in situ determination of the thermal resistance of the wall. The basic principle of the invention is to use the transient temperature variations in the first medium when the first medium is subjected to controlled internal stresses and in a measured external environment. Quantitative analysis of the temperature variation in the first medium makes it possible to quantitatively determine the energetic quality of the wall over a short period, extending over a few hours, by limiting the number of parameters that can influence the thermal behavior. of the wall and the first and second media. In particular, in the case of the determination of the thermal resistance of a building element belonging to the envelope of a room, the shortness of the measurements makes it possible to dispense with the influence of the conditions of use of the room and variations in external climatic conditions.
    [0006] Preferably, the variation of the temperature in the first medium in the vicinity of the wall of which it is desired to determine a magnitude representative of the thermal resistance is analyzed. In the context of the invention, the term "heating power of the first medium" means any operating condition generating a variation of the temperature in the first medium, for given temperature conditions in the second medium. It is understood that the heating power can be positive, zero or negative. A positive heating power corresponds to a heat input in the first medium, whereas a negative heating power corresponds to a cold supply in the first medium. The periods of time DI can be either disjointed or immediately successive to each other. In the latter case, it can be considered that the process is carried out in its entirety over a continuous period of time, formed by the succession of time periods DI ,. Preferably, the method is implemented with two successive periods of time DI and D2 corresponding to two distinct power PI and P2 power orders of the first medium. Advantageously, in order to limit the processing time of the process while reducing the contribution of solar radiation, the process is carried out in its entirety continuously over a single night period. According to one aspect of the invention, the measurements of the heat flux through the wall qk are made using at least one heat flux sensor positioned on one side of the wall. The heat flow sensor may be a flowmeter or a calorimeter. Advantageously, the measurements of the temperature in the first medium Tu, are carried out using at least one temperature sensor which is positioned in the first medium in the vicinity of the heat flux sensor. Preferably, the positioning of the temperature sensor (s) in the first medium is performed in accordance with paragraph 6.1.3 of ISO 9869: 1994. According to one aspect of the invention, the temperature measurements in the first medium Tlk are carried out using at least one ambient temperature sensor capable of measuring the temperature of the air in the first medium. It is then possible to directly access the heat transfer coefficient U of the wall or the total thermal resistance RT of the wall. Examples of ambient temperature sensors that can be used in the context of the invention include, in particular, thermocouples, for example type K thermocouples; resistance thermometers, for example Pt100 probes. Such ambient temperature sensors are positioned in the air volume in the first medium. According to one aspect of the invention, the temperature measurements in the first medium Tlk are carried out using at least one surface temperature sensor capable of measuring the surface temperature of the wall in the first medium. It is then possible to directly access the surface surface thermal resistance R of the wall. Examples of surface temperature sensors which can be used in the context of the invention include, in particular, fine thermocouples or flat resistance thermometers, which are positioned on the surface of the wall in the first medium; infrared cameras, which are positioned opposite the surface of the wall in the first medium. The thermal model used to determine the value of the magnitude representative of the thermal resistance of the wall may be of any type known to those skilled in the art. It may be, in particular, an R-C model with a suitable number of resistors and capabilities. Preferably, the thermal model used to determine the value of the magnitude representative of the thermal resistance of the wall is a simple R-C model with resistance and capacitance.
    [0007] According to a variant, the thermal model used to determine the value of the magnitude representative of the thermal resistance of the wall 3032529 8 may be a RC model called "2R2C" with two resistors and two capacitors, or a RC model called "3R2C" With three resistors and two abilities. In an advantageous embodiment, the thermal model used to determine the value of the magnitude representative of the thermal resistance of the wall is a simple RC model with resistance and capacitance and, for each time period D1, there exists a time interval Garl, for which the measured change Tu (t) of the temperature in the first medium as a function of time is substantially linear. The model RC and the measured evolution Tu (t) are then converged in the following way: for each period of time DI, the slope ak of the tangent to the curve Tu is determined over the time interval Δt ( t), then the value of the magnitude representative of the thermal resistance of the wall is determined from the values of slope ak and mean heat flux values through the wall q, ',, taken over the period of time DI , or, preferably, taken over the interval of time. Of course, the method according to the invention does not necessarily require the establishment of a graphical representation of the evolution Tu (t).
    [0008] In particular, on each time interval 4t ,,, the slope ak of the tangent to the curve Tu (t) is equal to the derivative of the evolution Tu (t) over the interval Ai1. Therefore, the step of determining the slope ak of the tangent to the curve Tu (t) over the time interval Δil can be carried out, in the context of the invention, by calculating the derivative of the evolution Tu (t) over the time interval 4t ,,, without resorting to a graphical representation of the evolution Tu (t). The calculation steps of the method, in particular for the determination of the slopes ak, can be carried out using any appropriate calculation means 3032529. It may be in particular an electronic computing unit which is connected to an acquisition system to acquire the measurements required by the method and which comprises calculation means for performing all or part of the process calculation steps from acquired measures.
    [0009] In the context of the invention, according to the principle explained in the patent application WO 2012/028829 A1, a simple RC model is used to describe a room, with two nodes of homogeneous temperature, one inside the room. local and the other outside the room, which are separated by a resistor representing the overall heat loss coefficient K of the local and describing the loss by transmission and infiltration through the envelope of the room. The temperature node inside the room is connected to a capacitor that represents the thermal mass or effective thermal capacity C of the room. The power injected into the room is compensated by the heat loss through the envelope and the heat stored in the envelope structure, which is described by the equation: P = K (T1-T2) + C di; , where P is the total power injected into the room, TI and T2 are respectively the temperature inside the room and the outside temperature, K is the overall heat loss coefficient of the room and C is the effective thermal capacity of the room. local. It is assumed that the temperature response of the local is a simple exponential decreasing and that its time constant is the product of the global heat loss coefficient K and the effective thermal capacity C of the room. In reality, the thermal response of the local is more complex and is the superposition of a large number of decreasing exponentials, but by performing a test over a fairly long time, only the largest time constant plays a role and the previously described model is valid.
    [0010] By applying two different powers PI and P2 for heating the room of different values over two periods of time D1 and D2, it is then possible to determine the overall heat loss coefficient K of the room according to the formula: K al / 32 - a2 Where (ak) k = 1 or 2 is the slope on the time interval Atk of the tangent to the evolution curve of the temperature inside the local T ik (t), and ( 4T, ',, = or 2 is the difference between the average temperature inside the room and the average temperature outside the room over the Atk time interval.
    [0011] According to the present invention, by analogy, it is possible to determine the heat transfer coefficient U of a partition wall between a first medium and a second medium according to the formula: (11.72 a2qi U = -a244, where (ak) k = 1 or 2 is the slope on the time interval Atk of the tangent to the temperature evolution curve in the first medium T ik (t), Tkni = or 2 is the difference between the average temperature in the first medium and the average temperature in the second medium over the time interval Atk, and (qk) k = 1 or 2 is the average heat flux through the wall taken over the time period Dk or, preferably and for more In one embodiment, the method comprises steps in which: - on two successive periods of time D1 and D2 are performed: i on the first period of time D1 at the application of a first heating power PI of first medium, and a campaign of measurements of the heat flux through the wall q1 and the temperature in the first medium TH at close time intervals, as well as the determination of the temperature in the second medium T21 at intervals of close time, the first heating power PI being such that the parameter ATI (0) K'f a = 1 is less than or equal to 0.8, with ATI (0) = T11 (t = 0) - T2in, where T = 0 is the starting point of the first time period D1, T2m is the average temperature in the second medium over the set of time periods D1 and D2, and K'f is a reference value of the coefficient of heat loss K of the first medium, then ii. on the second period of time D2, the application of a second heating power P2 of the first substantially zero medium, and a campaign for measuring the heat flow through the wall q2 and the temperature in the first medium T12 at short time intervals, as well as at determining the temperature in the second medium T22 at close time intervals; The value of the magnitude representative of the thermal resistance of the wall is determined by converging: on the one hand, a thermal model expressing the temporal variation of the temperature in a medium separated from another medium by a wall, in function of the heat flux through the wall, the temperature in the other medium and the physical parameters of the wall from which the magnitude representative of the thermal resistance of the wall is calculable; and, on the other hand, the measured evolution 4, (t) of the temperature in the first medium as a function of time. In this embodiment, a specific thermal load of the first medium is selected, which makes it possible to access the value of the magnitude representative of the thermal resistance of the wall with a good accuracy and over a reduced time, this specific thermal load. being the application of a first heating power PI strictly positive or strictly negative to generate a forced evolution of the temperature in the first medium, followed by the application of a second heating power P2 substantially zero allowing a free evolution of the temperature in the first medium. Preferably, the first heating power PI is such that the ATI (O) Kref 5 parameter a = 1 is greater than or equal to 0.25, more preferably greater than or equal to 0.3. In fact, for well-insulated media, when the parameter a is less than 0.25 or 0.3, the sensitivity of the conventional measurement sensors does not make it possible to obtain satisfactory data concerning the evolution of the temperature in the first one. T11 medium on the first time period D1, hence an increase in the uncertainty on the value of the coefficients U, R or K determined according to the invention. The determination of the value of the first heating power P1 to be applied over the first time period D1 to satisfy the criteria on the parameter a makes it necessary to know a reference value Kref of the heat loss coefficient K of the first medium. A first method for accessing a reference value K ref of the heat loss coefficient K of the first medium is the use of a quantity resulting from a thermal analysis of the first medium. In particular, when the first medium is the interior of a room, the reference value K ref of the room can be obtained from the transmission coefficient or thermal transfer of the room envelope. Preferably, the heat transfer coefficient H of the building envelope is determined using the ISO 13789: 2007 standard, "Thermal performance of buildings - Transmission and air change heat transfer coefficients - Calculation method" then the reference value Kref of the heat loss coefficient is deduced by the relation: K = ff + HT, where HT is the heat transfer coefficient by transmission and Hv is the heat transfer coefficient by ventilation. Preferably, the heat transfer coefficient of the envelope of the room is determined according to standard ISO 13789: 2007 in the absence of ventilation in the room. Alternatively, the ventilation can be active in the room, the ventilation rate then to be measured or estimated. The use of ISO 13789: 2007 is a preferred method for accessing a reference value K'f of the heat loss coefficient K. However, other methods may also be considered, especially when there is not enough information to apply ISO 13789: 2007. A second method for accessing a reference value K'f of the heat loss coefficient K of the first medium when it is about the interior of a room is to subject the room to a quasi-static test, such as than a test of "coheating". Coheating is a quasi-static method whose objective is to measure the total heat loss of an unoccupied room. A "coheating" test involves heating the room for several days, usually for one to three weeks, at a constant and homogeneous temperature, by means of electric heaters coupled to fans and connected to a control system. The set temperature must be quite high, of the order of 25 ° C, so as to have a temperature difference between the inside of the room and the outside of at least 10 ° C. When the saturation is reached, that is to say when a quasi-static state is reached, the power P necessary to maintain the room at a temperature of 25 ° C, the internal temperature Tint and the outside temperature are measured. text. The internal temperature Tint can in particular be measured using thermocouples or thermistors, while the outdoor temperature Text can be measured by means of a weather station. The data processing then makes it possible to obtain a value K'f of the heat loss coefficient. More specifically, the procedure is as follows: Firstly, a first pressurization test takes place, which makes it possible to measure the losses due to ventilation and infiltration. Then, the openings such as chimneys or air vents are closed, so that the losses related to ventilation are no longer accessible to the measurement. The room is then heated electrically and homogeneously until a high setpoint temperature of the order of 25 ° C is reached. The power P, the indoor temperature Tint and the outdoor temperature Text are then measured. The treatment of these measures gives access to losses through transmission and infiltration.
    [0012] Finally, a second pressurization test is carried out, so as to know the thermal losses due to infiltrations only, the openings of the room being kept closed. For the measurement processing, the average power required to keep the room at the set temperature and the average of the temperature difference between the inside and the outside is carried out every twenty-four hours. These averaged data are then plotted on a graph giving the power as a function of the temperature difference. A correction, due to the solar radiation which also participates in the heating of the room, is to bring. The slope of the line that passes through the origin is given by linear regression, it corresponds to the coefficient of heat loss K'f This method of "coheating" is relatively simple to implement and directly provides a reference value K ' f of the heat loss coefficient K of the room. According to an advantageous variant, for premises with a very low thermal inertia, it is possible to carry out night-time cohesion tests, the correction due to the solar gains being then not to be made. A third method for accessing a reference value K'f of the heat loss coefficient K of the first medium when it is about the interior of a room is the use of a size resulting from a study. the local energy consumption. In particular, the reference value Kref can be determined as being the ratio of the energy consumed by the room over a given period of time over the product of the duration of the given period of time and the average temperature difference between 10 inside and outside the room over the given period of time. When the thermal model used to determine the value of the magnitude representative of the thermal resistance of the wall is an RC model with resistance and capacitance, for each of the first and second time periods D1 and D2 a time interval is selected. At, or 312 for which the evolution Tu, (t) or Tu (t) is substantially linear, where the time intervals At, and At2 are such that the time interval At, extends to the end of the first period D1 for applying the first heating power P1 and such that, when the starting points of the first period D1 and the second period D2 are superimposed, the time intervals At, and At2 have the same end point; the slope α1 or α2 of the tangent to the curve (T1k (t)) 1c = 1 or 2 is determined over each interval of time λt or λt; and the value of the magnitude representative of the thermal resistance of the wall is deduced from the slope values α1, α2 and mean heat flux values through the wall q1 ,,,, q2 ',. Each average heat flux value through the wall q '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '' '; Preferably, the time intervals At, and 4t2 have the same duration.
    [0013] Advantageously, for each period of time DI, the power / 3 ,, of heating of the first medium comprises a heating power P; mpkimposée by means of a controlled power source. The controlled power source for heating the first medium 5 may be a fixed equipment of the first medium, that is to say a heating means installed in the first medium independently of the implementation of the method, provided that this heating means is slightly inert and adjustable so as to ensure rapid heating of the first medium. It can in particular be a heat pump whose coefficient of performance (COP) is known. Alternatively, the controlled power source for heating the first medium may be a source reported in the first medium specifically for carrying out the method. The heating elements of the first medium may be of the convective, conductive or radiative type, or combine several of these technologies. Preferably, the heating elements are electrical devices, which makes it possible to determine the heating power in a direct and precise manner. Examples of electric heaters include convective-type apparatus involving air blowing heated by means of electrical resistors; carpets or heating films; Radiant parasols. Alternatively, the heating elements may be gas or fuel operated appliances, provided that the burner efficiencies and fuel flow rates can be estimated accurately enough to access the heating power. In an advantageous embodiment, the heating elements of the first medium are electric heating mats, which are distributed in the first medium by positioning them vertically and wound on themselves, so that all the thermal power is dissipated in the air 30 in the first medium. This arrangement allows rapid and homogeneous heating of the first medium, ensuring that the ambient temperature is sufficiently close to the surface temperature of the wall of the first-medium side. According to one aspect of the invention, the method is implemented to determine, on the basis of the same thermal stress of the first medium, the thermal transmission coefficient U of several building elements belonging to the envelope of a same room, where each building element is a partition wall between a first medium that is inside the room and a second medium that is outside the room. Advantageously, the heat flow measurement campaigns qk through the different building elements and the interior temperature Tu, are then made over the same periods of time DI, for all the building elements of the envelope, corresponding at the same powers / 3 ,, distinct heating room. It is thus possible to access the thermal transmission coefficients U of the various building elements constituting the envelope of a room during the same test. Obtaining the thermal transmission coefficients U of the various building elements constituting the envelope of a room is useful, in particular, to carry out a diagnosis of the thermal insulation of the room. According to an advantageous aspect, the overall coefficient of heat loss K of the room is also determined. This makes it possible to access the relative contributions of the different building components of the building envelope to the total heat loss of the room, and thus to target the measures that should be taken to improve the thermal performance.
    [0014] In one embodiment, the global heat loss coefficient K of the room is determined in the following manner: - on each of said time periods D1, a measurement campaign of at least one temperature is carried out at interior of the room at close time intervals and determination of the outside air temperature at close time intervals; The value of the heat loss coefficient K of the room is determined by converging: a thermal model expressing the temporal variation of the temperature inside a room as a function of the heating power applied in the room; , the temperature of the outside air and the physical parameters of the room from which the heat loss coefficient of the room is calculable, on the one hand, and the measured evolution of the temperature inside the room in 10 function of time, on the other hand. Advantageously, the heat flow measurement campaigns qk through the various building elements constituting the envelope of the room and the internal temperature of the room Tu, are made over the same periods of time Dk, corresponding to the same powers. Separate heating pk of the room. It is thus possible to access during the same test, that is to say on the basis of the same thermal stress of the first medium which is the interior of the room, at the same time to the thermal transmission coefficients U the various building elements constituting the envelope of the room and the overall heat loss coefficient K of the room. As previously described, the invention proposes to impose distinct powers Pk of heating the first medium over at least two successive periods of time Dk and to measure for each period of time Dk the temporal evolution of the temperature in the first medium. Alternatively, it is also possible to impose distinct temperatures Tik in the first medium over at least two successive periods of time Dk and to measure for each period of time Dk the time evolution of the power in the first medium. the first medium Pk (t).
    [0015] According to this variant, the subject of the invention is a method for determining a quantity representative of the thermal resistance of a partition wall between a first medium and a second medium, characterized in that it comprises steps in which: on at least two successive periods of time Dk corresponding to different temperatures Tu, applied in the first medium, a campaign of measurements of the heat flow through the wall qk and of the power in the first medium is carried out. 3 ,, at close time intervals, as well as to the determination of the temperature in the second medium Tek at close time intervals; the value of the magnitude representative of the thermal resistance of the wall is determined by converging: on the one hand, a thermal model expressing the temporal variation of the power in a medium separated from another medium by a wall, in function heat flow through the wall, temperature in the other medium and physical parameters of the wall from which the magnitude representative of the thermal resistance of the wall is calculable; and, on the other hand, the measured evolution Pk (t) of the power in the first medium as a function of time. Preferably, the method is implemented with two successive periods of time D1 and D2 corresponding to two different temperature setpoints TH and T12 applied in the first medium. The invention also relates to an information recording medium, comprising instructions for implementing all or part of the calculation steps of a method as described above, when these instructions are executed by a unit. electronic calculation. Another object of the invention is a device for implementing a method as described above, comprising: - at least one heating element comprising a controlled power source, 3032529 20 - at least one heat flux sensor intended to be positioned on one side of the wall to measure the heat flow through the wall; at least one temperature sensor for measuring the temperature in the first medium Tu, in the vicinity of the heat flux sensor; an electronic computing unit; an information recording medium comprising instructions, intended to be executed by the electronic computing unit, for the implementation of all or part of the calculation steps of the method.
    [0016] According to an advantageous characteristic, the or each heating element heats the air in the first medium. This allows rapid heating of the first medium. This is particularly the case with electric heating mats as described above, which are arranged vertically in the first medium and wound on themselves, so that all the thermal power is dissipated in the air. According to one aspect of the invention, the temperature sensor or sensors comprise at least one ambient temperature sensor intended to be positioned in the volume of air in the first medium. According to one aspect of the invention, the at least one temperature sensor comprises at least one surface temperature sensor intended to be positioned on or facing the surface of the wall in the first medium. Advantageously, the electronic computing unit comprises means for controlling the power source of the or each heating element.
    [0017] In one embodiment, the device comprises at least one housing, comprising both a heat flux sensor and a temperature sensor, and connection means, in particular wirelessly, between the housing and the electronic computing unit. . The characteristics and advantages of the invention will become apparent in the following description of an embodiment of a method and a device according to the invention, given solely by way of example and made with reference to to the appended figures in which: - Figure 1 is a schematic view of a bungalow whose envelope comprises several building elements, namely a floor, a ceiling, a wall with a door (considered part of the wall) , a set of two glazings, where it is desired to determine the heat transfer coefficient U of each of these elements according to the invention; FIGS. 2 and 3 are graphs showing, for one of the windows belonging to the casing of the bungalow of FIG. 1, respectively, the evolution of the internal temperature Tu, as a function of time t, as measured by an air temperature sensor located in the vicinity of a flowmeter fixed on the glazing, and the evolution of the surface thermal flux through the glazing qk as a function of time, as measured by the aforementioned fluxmeter fixed on the glazing, at during the implementation of the method 15 according to the invention comprising a first period of time DI during which a first heating power PI is applied in ATI (0) K 'f the bungalow, where PI is such that the parameter a = 1 of the bungalow is between 0.3 and 0.8, followed by a second period of time D2 during which a second heating power P2 substantially zero 20 is applied in the bungalow, so as to leave the bungalow in cool free movement, the evolution of the external temperature Tek being also shown in these figures; FIG. 4 is a graph showing the distribution of the relative contributions of the different building elements constituting the envelope 25 of the bungalow of FIG. 1 to the total heat loss of the bungalow; - Figure 5 is a diagram of a model called "2R2C" of the bungalow of Figure 1, with two resistors and two capacities; FIG. 6 is a graph illustrating the fitting of the 2R2C model shown in FIG. 5 on the evolution of the interior temperature Tu, as a function of the time t shown in FIG. 2, obtained by converging the model 2R2C and the measured evolution Tu, (t) over the two periods of time DI and D2. The method according to the invention is used for the determination of the thermal transmission coefficient U of several building elements constituting the envelope of the bungalow 1 shown in FIG. 1, namely the floor, the ceiling, the wall, and all the windows of the bungalow. Bungalow 1 has a floor area of 13.5 m2, a glazing area of 3.9 m2, an interior height of 2.5 m, a volume of 34.2 m3 and a total envelope area of 68. , 5 m2. The outer wall of the bungalow 1 consists of insulating sandwich panels comprising a polyurethane layer 35 mm thick inserted between two metal plates, a door (considered as part of the wall) and two windows which are triple glazing. The process is implemented while the bungalow 1 is unoccupied. The thermal transmission coefficient U of the bungalow 1 casing, determined using ISO 13789: 2007, leads to a reference value of the heat loss coefficient of the K'f 20 bungalow of 60 W / K ± 12 W / K. The bungalow is a very light building, that is to say with very low thermal inertia. Its time constant is a few hours. The heating of the bungalow 1 is provided by electric heating mats 2, where each heating mat has a nominal power of 112.5 W. The heating mats 2 are distributed in the bungalow by being placed vertically and wound on themselves, as schematically shown in Figure 1, which allows a rapid and homogeneous heating of the bungalow. The method according to the invention is implemented continuously in its entirety over a single period of night time, in order to overcome the contribution of solar radiation to the heating of the bungalow 1.
    [0018] First of all, the bungalow is heated for a first period of time DI from 0:15 to 1:10, which corresponds to the application of a first, strictly positive heating power PI, then to a cooling. free bungalow on a second period of time D2 from 01:10 to 02:05, which corresponds to the application of a second heating power P2 substantially zero. The second period of time D2 is immediately consecutive to the first period of time D1. For each period of time Dk, the power P 'applied is substantially equal to the heating power imposed by the heating mats 2, to the residual power, especially from the measurement and calculation equipment present in the bungalow for the implementation. process. Power sensors, in the form of amperometric loops, measure the power delivered in the bungalow during the implementation of the process. In a first step of the process, which corresponds to the first period of time D1, heating of the bungalow 1 is carried out by means of the heating mats 2. The first heating power PI applied over the first period of time D1 is chosen so that the parameter a = 1 ATI (0) K "f is between 0.3 and 0.8 In this example, the reference value Kref is equal to 60 W / K ± 12 W / K, the initial internal temperature 20 inside the bungalow Tlld is 25.6 ° C, and the initial outside air temperature T21d is 18.7 ° C, which corresponds, for a value of the parameter a substantially equal to 0, 4, at a value of the first heating power PI approximately equal to 1370 W. The ambient temperature inside the bungalow TH is then measured every ten seconds, on the one hand in the vicinity of each building element among the floor, the ceiling, the wall, the two windows, and secondly in the middle of the volume of air. In fact, several temperature sensors, which in this example are K-type thermocouples, are installed in the ambient air in the bungalow, namely a thermocouple in the vicinity of each building element and a thermocouple in the middle of the volume. of air to 110 cm in height. The curve representative of the evolution of the interior temperature 5 Tllau neighborhood of a glazing of the bungalow as a function of time during the first period of time D1 is shown in Figure 2. As shown in this figure, the temperature rise curve in the vicinity of the glazing has a substantially linear portion on the time interval At1. The equation of this linear part of the curve gives a slope of 4.79 K / h. The al slope values for the various elements are given in Table 1 below. Figure 2 also shows the evolution of the outside air temperature T21 during the first period of time D1. The outside air temperature T21 over the time interval Δt1 is sufficiently stable so that it can be considered substantially constant and equal to the average temperature over the time interval At1, namely in this example Tilni = 18 , 1 ° C. The heat flux through each building element is also measured every ten seconds, using a flowmeter positioned on the inner face of the building element. For example, the representative curve of the evolution of the heat flux q1 through a glazing as a function of time during the first time period D1 is shown in FIG. 3. The average flow values (ibn over the interval At1 time for the various elements are given in Table 1 below.
    [0019] In a second step of the process, which corresponds to the second period of time D2, the second heating power P2 is applied substantially zero in the bungalow 1, from a starting temperature T12d = 34.7 ° C. that is, the heating mats 2 do not operate during this second period D2. As in the first step, the ambient temperature inside the bungalow T12 is then measured every ten seconds, on the one hand in the vicinity of each building element among the floor, the ceiling, the wall, the two windows. and on the other hand in the middle of the air volume, using type K thermocouples installed in the ambient air in the bungalow, namely a thermocouple in the vicinity of each building element and a thermocouple in the middle. the volume of air at 110 cm in height. Figure 2 shows the representative curve of the evolution of the indoor temperature T12 in the vicinity of a glazing of the bungalow as a function of time during the second period of time D2. As visible in this figure, the temperature descent curve in the vicinity of the glazing has a substantially linear portion over the time interval At2. The equation of this linear part of the curve gives a slope of a2 of -5.58 K / h. The slope values a2 for the various elements are given in Table 1 below. The evolution of the outside air temperature T22 during the same period of time D2 is also shown in FIG. 2. As in the first step, the temperature of the outside air T22 over the time interval At2 is sufficiently stable so that it can be considered substantially constant and equal to the average temperature over the time interval At2, namely in this example T22m = 17.1 ° C. The heat flux through each building element is also measured every ten seconds, using a flowmeter positioned on the inner face of the building element. By way of example, the representative curve of the evolution of the heat flow q 2 through a glazing of the bungalow as a function of time during the second period of time D 2 is shown in FIG. 3. The average flux values q 2n, on the time interval At2 for the different elements are given in Table 1 below. As U = q taking ATIm = 15.9 ° C, AT2m = 7.8 ° C, - a24Tbn q1m = 18.70 W / m2, q2m = -3.90 W / m2, obtains the value of the thermal transmission coefficient U of the glazing of the bungalow 1: U = 0.68 W / m2K.
    [0020] The values of the thermal transmittance U for the various building elements constituting the casing of the bungalow 1 are given in Table 1 below. al a2 (hm q2m ATim AT2m U Element (K / h) (K / h) (W / m2) (N / m2) (° C) (° C) (W / m2K) Glazing 4,79 -5,58 18.70 -3.90 15.9 7.8 0.68 Wall 4.46 -5.42 21.97 -4.47 16.7 8.1 0.78 (including door) Soil 4.13 - 4.21 7.82 0.25 13.3 8.0 0.38 Ceiling 4.42 -5.75 6.66 5.28 16.8 8.1 0.46 10 Table 1 In comparison, the calculated value according to ISO 6946: 2007 the thermal transmittance U of the wall is 0.70 W / m2K ± 0.13 W / m2K, and that of the ceiling is 0.43 W / m2K ± 0.07 W / m2K. In addition, the value provided by the manufacturer, calculated according to ISO 10077: 2012, of the thermal transmittance U of glazing is 0.70 W / m2 K. For soil, there is too much uncertainty to access to a calculated value of the thermal transmittance U according to ISO 13370: 2007. With the measurements made during the time periods D1 and D2, it is also possible to determine the value of the coefficient of al / 32 - a2 / 31 heat loss K of the bungalow 1. As K = a14T2m - a24TIm taking al = 4.62 K / h, a2 = -5.37 K / h, ATIm = 16.6 ° C, 4T2m = 8.0 ° C, P1 = 1370 3032529 27 W, P2 = 5 W, we obtain the value of the heat loss coefficient K of the bungalow 1: K = 58.70 W / K. It is then possible to draw the graph showing the distribution of the relative contributions of the various building elements constituting the envelope of the room to the total heat loss of the room. This graph, obtained by weighting the thermal transmittance U of each building element by its leakage area A, is shown in FIG. 4. The detail for each building element is given in Table 2 below. UAK element (W / m2K) (m2) (W / K) Glazing 0.68 3.9 2.65 Wall 0.78 37.6 29.3 (including door) Floor 0.38 13.5 5.1 Ceiling 0.46 13.5 6.2 Other - - 15.4 (infiltrations, thermal bridges ...) Table 2 15 Obtaining the distribution of losses between the different building elements is a useful tool for prescribing, especially in a context of renovation. The data processing method described above corresponds to the case where the thermal model used is a simple R-C model with resistance and capacitance. As a variant, the curves of evolution of the internal temperature as a function of time for each building element constituting the casing of the bungalow 1, namely the floor, the ceiling, the wall, all the two windows, have been treated with a 2R2C model of the bungalow with two resistors and two capacities, a diagram of which is shown in FIG.
    [0021] In this model 2R2C, the external environment is considered to be at constant temperature imposed TE, two nodes Tp and TI schematically represent the thermal masses of the walls and of the indoor air and each have a value of inertia C1, C2 associated, and two resistors R1, R2 are placed between the nodes. A resistance R2, placed between the external environment and the node of the walls, represents the resistance of the wall, while the other resistance R1, placed between the node of the walls and that of the interior environment, represents the internal convection resistance. . In this case, the heat loss coefficient K is the inverse of the total resistance, sum of the two resistances of the network. By way of example, FIG. 6 shows the fit (fitting) of the model 2R2C described above on the evolution of the internal temperature Tu, in the vicinity of a glazing as a function of the time t shown in FIG. The values of the thermal transmission coefficient U obtained for the various building elements constituting the casing of the bungalow 1 in the case where the thermal model used is a 2R2C model are given in Table 3 below. Element U (VV1m2K) Glazing 0,68 Wall 0,78 (including door) Floor 0,56 Ceiling 0,45 20 Table 3 It can be seen that the values of thermal transmittance U obtained with the 2R2C model are globally consistent with those obtained with the simple RC model, some deviations being related to a greater inaccuracy of the 2R2C approach.
    [0022] In practice, in the previous example with the simple RC model, the steps of selection of the Atk time intervals for data processing, linearization, and calculation of U and K from the slopes ak, are advantageously carried out. by means of an electronic computing unit. The invention is not limited to the examples described above. In particular, the method according to the invention can be implemented indifferently with heating means which equip the first medium in a fixed manner or with heating means which are reported in the first medium specifically for the implementation of the method. provided that the power provided by these heating means for the pulses required by the process can be determined accurately.
    权利要求:
    Claims (23)
    [0001]
    REVENDICATIONS1. A method for determining a magnitude representative of the thermal resistance (U, RT, R) of a partition wall between a first medium and a second medium, characterized in that it comprises steps in which: - at least two periods of time DI, successive corresponding to distinct powers P 'of heating of the first medium, respectively at different temperatures applied in the first medium, one proceeds to a campaign of measurements of the thermal flow through the wall qk and the temperature in the first medium Tu, respectively power in the first medium, at close time intervals, as well as in the determination of the temperature in the second medium Tek at close time intervals; the value of the magnitude representative of the thermal resistance (U, RT, R) of the wall is determined by converging: on the one hand, a thermal model expressing the temporal variation of the temperature, respectively the temporal variation of the power, in a medium separated from another medium by a wall, as a function of the heat flux through the wall, the temperature in the other medium and physical parameters of the wall from which the magnitude representative of the thermal resistance of the wall is calculable, and o on the other hand, the measured evolution of the temperature Tu (t), respectively of the power, in the first medium as a function of time.
    [0002]
    2. Method according to claim 1, characterized in that it is implemented with two successive periods of time DI and D2 corresponding to two setpoints PI and P2 distinct heating of the first middle 31, respectively two instructions of distinct temperatures applied in the first medium.
    [0003]
    3. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the measurements of the heat flux through the wall qk are performed using at least one heat flow sensor positioned on one side of the wall.
    [0004]
    4. Method according to claim 3, characterized in that the measurements of the temperature in the first medium Tlk are carried out using at least one temperature sensor positioned in the first medium in the vicinity of the heat flow sensor.
    [0005]
    5. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the measurements of the temperature in the first medium Tlk are carried out using at least one ambient temperature sensor positioned in the volume of air in the chamber. first middle. 15
    [0006]
    6. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the measurements of the temperature in the first medium Tlk are carried out using at least one surface temperature sensor positioned on or facing the surface. of the wall in the first medium.
    [0007]
    7. Process according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the thermal model is an R-C model with a resistance and a capacity.
    [0008]
    8. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that it comprises steps in which: - it proceeds, over two periods of time D1 and D2 successive: 25 i. on the first time period D1, the application of a first heating power PI of the first medium, and a measurement campaign of the heat flow through the wall q1 and the temperature in the first medium TH at intervals of time, and the determination of the temperature in the second medium T21 at close time intervals, the first heating power PI being such that the parameter 3032529 32 AT 1 (0) K 'fa = 1 is lower or equal to 0.8, with 4 /; (0) = Tll (t = 0) - T2m, where t = 0 is the starting point of the first time period D1, Tem is the average temperature in the second medium on the set of time periods D1 and D2, and K'f is a reference value of the heat loss coefficient K of the first medium, then ii. on the second period of time D2, the application of a second heating power P2 of the first medium substantially zero, and a campaign for measuring the heat flow through the wall q2 and the temperature in the first medium T12 to close time intervals, as well as the determination of the temperature in the second medium T22 at close time intervals; the value of the magnitude representative of the thermal resistance (U, RT, R) of the wall is determined by converging: a thermal model expressing the temporal variation of the temperature in a medium separated from another medium by a according to the heat flux through the wall, the temperature in the other medium and the physical parameters of the wall from which the magnitude representative of the thermal resistance of the wall is calculable, on the one hand, and o the measured evolution 4, (t) of the temperature in the first medium as a function of time, on the other hand.
    [0009]
    9. A method according to claim 8, characterized in that the first ATI (0) K "f is heating power PI is such that the parameter a = 1 greater than or equal to 0.25, preferably greater than or equal to 0 3.
    [0010]
    10. Process according to claim 7, characterized in that, for each period of time DI, there exists a time interval Ali, for which the measured evolution 4, (t) of the temperature in the first medium in The function of time is essentially linear, and the model RC and the measured evolution 4 (t) converge in the following way: for each period of time DI, the time interval Atk is determined 5 slope, the tangent to the curve 4, (t), and the value of the magnitude representative of the thermal resistance (R, RT, U) of the wall is determined from the values of slope al, and values of average heat flux through the wall q, ',, taken over the period of time DI, or, preferably, taken over the time interval Atk. 10
    [0011]
    11. Method according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that, for each period of time D1 ,, the power PI of the first medium heating comprises a heating power imposed by means of a controlled power source.
    [0012]
    12. The method of claim 11, characterized in that the source 15 of controlled power is a fixed equipment of the first medium.
    [0013]
    13. The method of claim 11, characterized in that the controlled power source is a source reported in the first medium specifically for the implementation of the method.
    [0014]
    14. A method for determining the thermal properties of a room, characterized in that the thermal transmittance U of each building element belonging to the building envelope of the room is determined by the method of any one of claims 1 13, where each building element is a separating wall between a first medium which is the interior of the room and a second medium which is outside the room, the measurement campaigns of the heat flow through the room element. qk construction and indoor temperature Tu, being made for all building elements of the envelope over the same periods of time DI, corresponding to powers / 3 ,, distinct heating room. 3032529 34
    [0015]
    15. The method of claim 14, characterized in that also determines the heat loss coefficient K of the local.
    [0016]
    16. A method according to claim 15, characterized in that the coefficient of heat loss K of the local is determined in the following manner: - on each of said periods of time Dk, a measurement campaign of at least a temperature inside the room at close intervals and the determination of the outside air temperature at close time intervals; The value of the heat loss coefficient K of the room is determined by converging: a thermal model expressing the temporal variation of the temperature inside a room as a function of the heating power applied in the room, the temperature of the outside air 15 and of the physical parameters of the room from which the heat loss coefficient of the room is calculable, on the one hand, and the measured evolution of the temperature inside the room as a function of the time, on the other hand. 20
    [0017]
    17. Information recording medium, characterized in that it comprises instructions for the implementation of all or part of the calculation steps of a method according to any one of the preceding claims when these instructions are executed by an electronic computing unit. 25
    [0018]
    18. Apparatus for implementing a method according to any one of claims 1 to 16, characterized in that it comprises: - at least one heating element comprising a controlled power source, - at least one sensor heat flux system for positioning on one side of the wall for measuring heat flow through the wall; 3032529 - at least one temperature sensor for measuring the temperature in the first medium Tu, in the vicinity of the heat flow sensor; an electronic computing unit; an information recording medium comprising instructions intended to be executed by the electronic computing unit, for the implementation of all or part of the calculation steps of the method.
    [0019]
    19. Device according to claim 18, characterized in that the or each heating element heats the air in the first medium. 10
    [0020]
    20. Device according to any one of claims 18 or 19, characterized in that the temperature sensor or sensors comprise at least one ambient temperature sensor for measuring the temperature of the air in the first medium.
    [0021]
    21. Device according to any one of claims 18 to 20, characterized in that the temperature sensor or sensors comprise at least one surface temperature sensor for measuring the surface temperature of the wall in the first medium.
    [0022]
    22. Device according to any one of claims 18 to 21, characterized in that the electronic computing unit comprises means for controlling the power source of the or each heating element.
    [0023]
    23. Device according to any one of claims 18 to 22, characterized in that it comprises: - at least one housing comprising both a heat flux sensor 25 and a temperature sensor, - connecting means, in particular wirelessly, between the housing and the computer unit.
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    同族专利:
    公开号 | 公开日
    BR112017016854A2|2018-03-27|
    DK3254092T3|2021-05-31|
    US11085892B2|2021-08-10|
    FR3032529B1|2019-06-07|
    RU2017130455A3|2019-05-14|
    CN107257922A|2017-10-17|
    ZA201705302B|2019-07-31|
    MX2017010038A|2017-10-27|
    JP2018509613A|2018-04-05|
    CO2017007332A2|2017-10-10|
    KR20170110093A|2017-10-10|
    CA2973801A1|2016-08-11|
    ES2874574T3|2021-11-05|
    RU2697034C2|2019-08-08|
    PL3254092T3|2021-08-16|
    SA517381955B1|2021-12-13|
    WO2016124870A1|2016-08-11|
    AR103625A1|2017-05-24|
    EP3254092A1|2017-12-13|
    RU2017130455A|2019-03-06|
    US20180017511A1|2018-01-18|
    EP3254092B1|2021-04-07|
    AU2016214236A1|2017-09-21|
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    法律状态:
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    2016-08-12| PLSC| Publication of the preliminary search report|Effective date: 20160812 |
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    优先权:
    申请号 | 申请日 | 专利标题
    FR1550970A|FR3032529B1|2015-02-06|2015-02-06|DETERMINING THE THERMAL RESISTANCE OF A WALL|
    FR1550970|2015-02-06|FR1550970A| FR3032529B1|2015-02-06|2015-02-06|DETERMINING THE THERMAL RESISTANCE OF A WALL|
    RU2017130455A| RU2697034C2|2015-02-06|2016-02-05|Determination of wall thermal resistance|
    MX2017010038A| MX2017010038A|2015-02-06|2016-02-05|Determination of the thermal resistance of a wall.|
    US15/547,816| US11085892B2|2015-02-06|2016-02-05|Determination of the thermal resistance of a wall|
    CN201680008909.9A| CN107257922A|2015-02-06|2016-02-05|The determination of the heat resist power of wall|
    PCT/FR2016/050253| WO2016124870A1|2015-02-06|2016-02-05|Determination of the thermal resistance of a wall|
    PL16707874T| PL3254092T3|2015-02-06|2016-02-05|Determination of the thermal resistance of a wall|
    JP2017541664A| JP2018509613A|2015-02-06|2016-02-05|Determination of thermal resistance of walls|
    AU2016214236A| AU2016214236A1|2015-02-06|2016-02-05|Determination of the thermal resistance of a wall|
    EP16707874.0A| EP3254092B1|2015-02-06|2016-02-05|Determination of the thermal resistance of a wall|
    BR112017016854-5A| BR112017016854A2|2015-02-06|2016-02-05|determination of thermal resistance of a wall|
    CA2973801A| CA2973801A1|2015-02-06|2016-02-05|Determination of the thermal resistance of a wall|
    DK16707874.0T| DK3254092T3|2015-02-06|2016-02-05|DETERMINATION OF THERMAL THERMAL RESISTANCE|
    KR1020177021873A| KR20170110093A|2015-02-06|2016-02-05|Determine the thermal resistance of a wall|
    ARP160100333A| AR103625A1|2015-02-06|2016-02-05|DETERMINATION OF THE WALL THERMAL RESISTANCE|
    ES16707874T| ES2874574T3|2015-02-06|2016-02-05|Determination of the thermal resistance of a wall|
    SA517381955A| SA517381955B1|2015-02-06|2017-07-20|Determination of the thermal resistance of a wall|
    CONC2017/0007332A| CO2017007332A2|2015-02-06|2017-07-24|Determination of the thermal resistance of a wall|
    ZA2017/05302A| ZA201705302B|2015-02-06|2017-08-04|Determination of the thermal resistance of a wall|
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